..
:
3. « » . (Test-score semantics)
, (procedural semantics, computational semantics)
4.5. .. « » ( Augmented transition network, ATN)
(frame semantics, frame-and-scene analysis)
-32-
, : , . , – . , « » [2], [1].
, , [82, c.528]. – .
– , [50, c.14] .
-33-
– , , , . «» (checklist) , . , () .
, , .
, , [130], , , , , , . «», «» -, , . :
) - ( , ) ,
) , .
, (clustering) (, , .) , – .. . «
-34-
» : ( ) . «» : . : , , [50, c.15-16]., , [52, c.67], , , («»), : – «» – . – – , , . , « » (bounded rationality).
: , , . – ., ., .- [58, c.197]. , . [91], [100], [101]. , , , .
-35-
; , «» ( ), [43, c.123]. : 1) « » [120], 2) . [22], 3) « », [81], , [38], 4) , , , , , , 5) , [134], [72], [71], 6) – [15], [31], [68], [102], [118]; 7) – , [18] [72], , . . [67] (. . [72], [74], [75], [77], . [104], [105], [106], . [49] .).
, . [78] , , ,– , , [45]. [43, c.128-129]: ,
-36-
? ( .) ? , ? , , ( ) ? , , ..? ? , «», «», «» « », , , , . « » , , , , . , «» « » (checklist semantics) , «» , [45, c.153].[69, c.9] , : ) ( , .), ) (.) ) .. , – , – , [69, c.12]. [69, c.18]:
- , , – ,
-37-
( ),- , - ,
- , .
, [69, c.51] :
1. .
2. .
3. , , .
4. – .
5. - .
6. , , «» .
, , , « » [32, c.1]. , [31, c.27]. , . , : , , , . – , , [119, c.47-48] .
, , ,
-38-
. [50, c.19]. , . - [51, c.98]. , , , ( ), – , , , .– [51, c.98-99]:
1. : .
2. , .
3. , , , – , .
4. , .
[58]: ) , , , ) , , [51, c.195]. .
[58, c.202-206]:
1. –
-39-
, .2. ( ) «» ( ) .
3. , , , , .
4. , . – , , , . .
5. , , , « ».
6. . .
7. , : . , , .
8. , ,– , , , , .
9. , ,
-40-
, . – [59, c.23]. – .10. . , .
11. , . « » « », – , . , .
« » [59, c.206-207]: , . , [7, c.18].
[76], – « » – , ( , ) , : , , , , , , , – , [76, c.32]. , ( ), .. ( , , ) ( , , ) [76, c.33]. [76,c.36-43]:
-41-
1. (experiential clusters). , . , , , . «».
2. : . « » ( ) . , . , , – .., , .
, . [76, c.32-36], , :
1. , « – ».
2. : ( ) , , . .. « ». . : « , ».
3. : . , (.. ) – , , , . : , , . .
4. (): , . : « », « '», « ».
5. . ,
-42-
, «», . , , , .6. . , : , , .. (, ) . : , .. - (, ).
7. : , .. , .
« » [90, c.54]. [114,c.VIII] , [90, c.53], :
1. [124, c.264].
2. ; [90, c.54]. [124] , , .
3. , – « », () – ( [39], [57]). [90, c.56] (. [20]), , . , « »:
-43-
, , ( ) . [39] , « »., , , , . [134]. , «», [76, c.43], , . « », :
- ( .), «», «», « »; , «» ;
- ( ),– , . « » « » – .
[73, c.271], « .»:
1. : , 0 1.
2. .
3. .
-43-
4. .
5. , , , – .
6. .
: [135].
« » – «». , , . « »: , [72]. :
1. -A = 1-A
2. A+B = max(A,B)
3. AB = min(A,B)
4. if A then B = 1, A B,
B, A > B.
«x» : « x». A, B – . « », [83, c.102], ( [72]) 1-3, , , 0 1. 4 (. [97, c.44]).
« », , «», «», «», «», « », «» .. ,
-45-
(: 'E') (: 'A') [83, c.107]:( Ax: fx) gx = 1 – maxx fx( fx – gx);
(Ex:fx) gx = maxxfx(fx + gx – 1).
[138, c.149] « », : . , . , « » « », : « », « » . : 1) ( ), 2) ( ) 3) – : (), ( ) . , . [138, c.149]. , : « », : « ».
: 1) , , - () , 2) 3) [83].
[68, c.636] ,
-46-
, . : ) «-» : (« – - »), ; ) .[107, c.509]:
1. .
2. .
3. - .
4. , .
5. , « » ( – values), [88, c.79], , : (, ), «» [88, c.81].
6. « », « – » . [108, c.436-438].
-47-
, [137], , , «» , [138, c.149]. , , . («» – «») « » , [138, c.152]. (, , , , , , ..) , « » , « » ( . [23]) [78] ( , ) . , ( ). «» – 0 1 – () – , . (truth-conditional semantics), . «» : «» – « », «» – «», 1 – 0 .. [137, c.152-153].
:
1. (, . ), – , . : , , (.. «
-48-
»). , « , » :- (; ; ); ( ) «»;
- (; ), – , ;
- (; ), – , «» ( – );
- (; ), – , «»;
- _(_1; _2; ), – , _1 « » «_2».
, .
2. . , , . , : , , _.
3. – , . – [0,1], /. : , ( ), .. «» (. [136]).
-49-
– . : «» (, « ) – [48, c.205]. . 1980- . , [41, c.21]. , .. . , , . . . [99, c.23-27]:
1. : .
2. .
3. – , .
4. , , «» . , , , .
-50-
: . , , , . : 1) , , 2) .– . , .. , . , . , [99, c.23].
, [41, c.32], : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) , 8) , 9) , 10) . . – , , , . «», . , , - [41, c.31].
[86, c.65] – –
-51-
. . , . [86, c.68-69]:- ;
- ;
- , ;
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, [40, c.86], , « » . :
1. .
2. , , .
3. , , – . .
4. , , ,
-52-
,– . , , .5. .
, – ( – , ) , . (, .) , ( .) – .
. .. [48, c.204]: « , , «», «». , – . , . , ». [48, c.204-205]:
1. , , , . , , , .
2. , . . , - .
-53-
, , , .3. . , . – - .
[115, c.28], - , , . , . . [115, c.28-32]:
1. – , , – .
2. , , – .
3. – (. .).
4. , , :
4.1. , « », .., .
4.2. , , , , «
-54-
» . : .4.3. , , , , , (), .
4.4. , , . (-) , .
4.5. - - .
5. :
5.1. .
5.2. , – – .
5.3. . , .
5.4. . , .
., – , , . –
-55-
[4, c.12]. :1. : « , «», . , » [4, c.12].
2. [4, c.13].
. (. ).
, . , , [129, c.497]. , , « . , , , , (pointers) , » [126, c.91].
« » [129, c.497]. , , . : , .
, – .
-56-
, ,– . : ) .- [62], , ) . [133], . :1. .
2. , , .
3. . , ( ) , , , (-).
4. , ( ) , . – « ». : , , .
, , , . – , , (. [25], [128]).
, ( ) « » ( / ), . .
-57-
, . – . , , [129, c.507-509].[133, c.21] , - , , .. . , , , . , , , . – , , ..
« » – . . . , [80, c.78]. , « , , . , , , ..» [3, c.32].
, , . , 1960- . ( ) [117], [16], 1970- [133], [132], [64], [65], . «» .
, [121, c.119-122]:
1. . . . ,– .
2. . , , , , . , . , , .. . . , , . .
3. : . .
4. :
- – , « », ;
- – ;
- : . , ..
, [61, c.71-72]. , . , . , , [61, c.72]. [17, c.39], , , ( ) . , – , .
«» : 1) , , 2) – . , , [47], [60], [28], [9]. [29] . . , . « », :
--> _1 --> = --> _2 -->
., , [131]:
1. .
2. , .
3. , , (, , , ).
4. - , - , . , .
, , [129, c.510]:
1. ,– - .
2. , : , , ( ). , « 2056 » , . : , ( , ) .
3. , : , , . , , . , « ».
« » – . . [43], [44] . : (, , , ) . « , » [122, c.143] , .
[54, c.28-29]:
1. (intelligence) – () .
2. « », , . – ,– « » (defaults) .
-58-
, , [56, c.56] . , ., , , [43, c.124]: 1) «» [8], 2) , . [87], 3) « » , [19], 4) . , . , ( [116, c.612], ): , , , . [43, c.124].
«». – . . «» (module) «» («») : , . «» , [43, c.130]. :
1. , , – , , – , . , , , ,
-59-
, , , [43, c.124]. 1980- . , , : « , , , » [46, c.111]. , , « », , , . , , [46, c.111], [46, c.111]. [64] « » .: . « ». . , , .2. . [53, c.7] ( . [12], . [10], [11]) frame-work () « » – , . ,
-60-
, «» – , . , «» , , . [53, c.10-11]. , , , , [53, c.27]. «» [53, c.497 .].3. , , , . , , . , – : «», «», « », « » (folk theory) [46, c.111]. – , . , , . , ,– , , [46, c.119].
4. , , , , , . , , – .
-61-
– , . , , (, ) [36, c.219-220]. – (: , ), , . : , , , , .. . , . – , ( . slot). . - « » (default meaning) . «» [87, c.11]. , . – .«» [56, c.46]:
1) , ;
2) , ( ). , ;
3) ( / ) ,
-62-
(, ). – . [56, c.58]., – – ( ), , . , () (, ) , .. [43, c.129- 130], [44, c.59].
«» [44, c.80]: , . , . , (saliency hierarchy) , .
, (frame-works) , , , . , . , , . , ,– , ,– , . . «», «», «», «», «», «» [43, c.123].
,
-63-
[116, c.613]. . «» [116, c.613], .. , .[27, c.437]. : , - . , , («») . , , – , -, .. , . , ( ) [43, c.125]. . , , – , : ) , , ) , , [43, c.127].
, , ; , [27, c.438], :
1. ([24] .) – ) , , , , ; , ,
-64-
; ) , , . ( ), , . ( ) , .2. [26], [33] . - , . , – . . : , , .
1 – 2 : . «» . :
3. , , [42], [84]. : [42] ( . [131]). , .
4. [84], [27].
- [27, c.440]:
1. «» . , . , ,
-65-
. , . «» (pointers) , -. , «» , – , «» [87], [79], [125]. : 1) , – -; 2) , , .2. «» . - . , , : « – ». «» «» [42] [27].
1980- . . - , , – , , , [87, c.1].
. . , , , () .
-66-
– - . , , , , «» . . . [103, c.97] : «», . . , , . , ., , (matching): , ( ) . , ( , ), , . , , [87, c.2]. [87, c.5]:
1. , , . , , . , , .
-67-
2. , , ( , , ) (default) . , , ,– , « ».
3. , , , .
– .., ,– «» . . [87, c.16]. , , , , . :
1) – ;
2) «», . , , , , ;
3) : , ;
4) : , . , , : .
– , . «»
-68-
(scenario): , , , , , . , , (, , « »), . [87, c.16]:1. - – «+». , , .
2. - : , . , , , , , .
3. – , , , , .
4. – , , . , , , , ..
, [6, c.23]. ( ) . ,
-69-
, [6, c.23].«» , . [111], , [79, c.85]. [79, c.85]. , : , ,– , , , .. .
, .. , , , - , - . , [109, c.456],– [111], . , (pointer) «». «» , , «» «». . , , . (, , «») , , «»,– , , «» . «» ( ),
-70-
« » [70, c.136]. , [70, c.136].[109, c.459]. , , : , . . – [109, c.464]. , , , [109, c.464]. – , «-», , .
, , [110, c.7]. , «» , . , – . , . - . . , . , , . , , ..
-71-
. , . . – , , , . , .. , . , , , . , , . – , . .1970- . , . , , ( , ) . « » [98, c.50] ( [55]): , « », . [98, c.505]: 1) ( ), 2) «» (props), 3) (setting) – , , 4) , (plot). . , – - ,– , , ,
-72-
.. ( ), ( ), ( ), , ..– [5], [111]. , , [14, c.2]. , . [14, c.2]. ( ) , [113], [96]. , , () [13], [35] [112], [21], [85], , . – [113].
, . , , , [14, c.3]. . : ) , ) , , ) [14, c.19].
, . , , , ,
-73-
- , . : , , . [14, c.20]. , [14, c.21]. ( ) , . , , . , [14, c.20]., , .. [63, c.116], . . [55, c.145-150], : , , , , , , . , : ().
« », « », « », « – » [95, c.37] – , « », [93, c.28] « – . ,
-74-
, ,– , , . ». – [94].- [132, c.39]. [95, c.40]:
- – ( ) – - . , ( ) ;
- – , «» «»;
- – «» «»: , , . , [37, c.37] ( , ) ;
[95, c.46]:
1. : , , , .
2. , .
3. : ( ) ().
-75-
., [92] , ( ) [123, c.397]. : , , , . :
- ; « » [123, c.398],
- , .
, «»
- – ,
- – «»,
- – «», «», «», « »,
- – .
, , ( ) – . , : .. , .
[34, c.64]:
1. , « ».
-76-
2. . : , – , , . , , .
3. , . , – , – , , , – .
, , , , . , – ,– .
-77-
(.77-86)
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2. .. // : - . ., 1992. . 4-38.
3. / . ., .., .. /. . – ., 1990. – 560 .
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